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长春市制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑若干规定

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长春市制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑若干规定

吉林省长春市人民政府


长春市人民政府令第 25 号


  《长春市制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑若干规定》业经2011年5月12日市政府第39次常务会议通过,现予发布,自公布之日起施行。


   市长:崔杰

   二○一一年五月十二日


长春市制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑若干规定


  第一条 为加强城市规划管理,规范城市建设活动,制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑,根据法律、法规有关规定,结合本市实际,制定本规定。

  第二条 本市市区范围内国有土地上制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑的执法活动,适用本规定。

  第三条 本规定所称违法建设,是指未依法取得建设工程规划许可证、临时建设工程规划许可证(以下统称规划许可证件),或者违反规划许可证件规定进行的建设活动。

  本规定所称违法建筑,是指未依法取得规划许可证件或者违反规划许可证件规定建设的建(构)筑物。

  第四条 市城乡规划主管部门是本市制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑工作的主管部门,负责制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑工作。

  区人民政府应当按照属地管理的原则,组织协调职能部门依法做好本辖区内制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑的工作。

  市容环卫、国土、建设、工商、房地、监察等有关部门应当按照各自职责,依法做好制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑的相关管理工作。

  第五条 市城乡规划主管部门、各区人民政府应当设立违法建设、违法建筑举报电话,并向社会公布。

  任何单位或者个人都有遵守城市规划的义务,并有权对违法建设、违法建筑进行检举。

  第六条 违法建筑不得办理房地产权利登记,不得出租、出售;不得利用违法建筑从事经营活动。

  第七条 市人民政府建立发现制止违法建设、查处违法建筑的巡查制度。

  市城乡规划主管部门应当依法检查、发现、认定违法建设、违法建筑,作出行政处罚决定。

  各区职能部门应当定期巡查,及时发现制止本辖区内违法建设、违法建筑,并依法拆除违法建筑。

  街道办事处、乡(镇)人民政府及其区驻街道办事处、乡(镇)人民政府的城市管理执法机构,应当开展日常巡查,及时发现制止违法建设、违法建筑;制止无效的,应当及时报告市城乡规划主管部门。

  物业服务企业在其物业管理区域内发现搭建违法建筑的,应当予以劝阻、制止,并及时报告市城乡规划主管部门。

  第八条 市城乡规划主管部门向建设单位核发规划许可证件后五日内,应当将核发的规划许可证件复印件送交建设工程所在地的区人民政府,作为区人民政府及街道办事处、乡(镇)人民政府发现制止违法建设、违法建筑的工作依据。

  第九条 市城乡规划主管部门发现违法建设、违法建筑或者接到报告、举报后,应当当日到达现场调查取证。对正在进行的违法建设行为,应当依法下达停止施工通知书;对违法建筑属尚可采取改正措施消除影响的,应当责令限期改正,并依法下达行政处罚决定书;对严重影响城乡规划的违法建筑,应当依法下达限期拆除决定书。

  第十条 市城乡规划主管部门在作出行政处罚决定之前,应当下达行政处罚告知书,告知当事人拟实施行政处罚的事实、理由、依据以及所享有的陈述、申辩权利。

  第十一条停止施工通知书、行政处罚决定书、限期拆除决定书应当载明违法建筑以及违法建筑当事人的名称、地址、违法事实,行政处罚的依据、决定机关的名称和作出行政处罚的日期,不服行政处罚决定申请行政复议或者提起行政讼诉的途径和期限。

  第十二条市城乡规划主管部门应当将停止施工通知书、行政处罚决定书、限期拆除决定书送达当事人。

  第十三条 全市集中专项治理拟拆除的违法建筑,可以由市城乡规划主管部门在违法建筑所在地以张贴公告的形式送达。当事人自行拆除违法建筑的期限,由市城乡规划主管部门确定。

  第十四条 当事人应当在规定的期限内自行拆除违法建筑。当事人自行拆除确有困难的,区职能部门可以组织人力、物力帮助当事人拆除违法建筑,所需费用由当事人承担。

  第十五条 当事人不停止违法建设,或者逾期不改正、不拆除违法建筑的,区人民政府可以责成职能部门采取查封施工现场、强制拆除等措施。

  第十六条 拆除无法确定所有人的违法建筑,区人民政府应当在有关媒体发布拆除公告,公告期限不得少于七日。公告期满后,仍无法确定其所有人的,可以依法按照无主违法建筑进行处理。

  第十七条 强制拆除违法建筑时,区职能部门应当通知当事人取走违法建筑内的财物,当事人未取走的,应当进行登记,妥善保管,并通知当事人在限定的期限内领取。当事人逾期未领取的,区职能部门应当经过公证、留存证据后根据实际情况妥善处置。

  强制拆除无主违法建筑时,区职能部门还应当依法对强制拆除的违法建筑及其财物进行公证。

  第十八条违法建筑拆除后,当事人应当及时清理建筑垃圾。未及时清理的,由区职能部门予以清理,所需费用由当事人承担。

  第十九条 市城乡规划主管部门、区职能部门工作人员在制止、查处违法建设、违法建筑工作中,应当向当事人出示执法证件,依法行使职权,不得侵犯当事人的合法权益;对当事人的合法财产造成损害的,应当依法予以赔偿。

  第二十条供水、供电、供气、供热等单位向开发建设工程提供服务时,应当要求其出示规划许可证件;没有规划许可证件的,不得为其提供服务。

  在强制拆除违法建筑过程中,供水、供电、供气、供热等单位应当予以配合。

  第二十一条 拆除违法建筑和超过批准期限的临时建筑,不予补偿。

  第二十二条违法建筑属尚可采取改正措施消除对规划影响的,市城乡规划主管部门应当责令限期改正,并依法处以罚款。违法建筑情节轻微能及时纠正,并消除对规划影响的,可以从轻、减轻或者不予罚款。

  违法建筑属严重影响城乡规划,无法采取改正措施消除对规划影响的,责令限期拆除,不能拆除的,没收实物或者违法收入,并可以依法处以罚款。

  第二十三条 市人民政府建立制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑的考评制度。对在制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑工作中成绩突出的单位和个人给予表彰和奖励,对未依法履行职责的单位和个人依法予以处理。

  第二十四条 区人民政府及街道办事处、乡(镇)人民政府在制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑工作中达到下列标准的,由市人民政府给予表彰和奖励,并作为当年绩效评优的重要条件:

  (一)所辖区域内无违法建设、建筑的;

  (二)拆除违法建筑率达到百分之百的;

  (三)接到群众举报及时制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑的。

  第二十五条 市人民政府相关部门不按照本规定协助、配合制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑,造成制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑工作不力的,对单位予以通报批评;一年内受到二次通报批评的,取消当年绩效评优资格。

  区人民政府不开展巡查或者不按照本规定制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑,造成制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑工作不力的,予以通报批评;一年内受到二次通报批评的,取消当年绩效评优资格。

  第二十六条有关行政管理部门及其工作人员在制止违法建设和拆除违法建筑工作中,违反本规定有下列情形之一的,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任:

  (一)未按规定履行管理职责,未及时发现或者发现违法建筑不报告、不制止,情节严重的;

  (二)依法应当作出行政处罚决定而未作出的;

  (三)对属于本部门职责推诿的;

  (四)对违法建筑应当立即拆除而未拆除的;

  (五)对违法建筑办理房地产权利登记等相关证照的;

  (六)其他玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊的。

  第二十七条 在制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑中妨碍、阻挠执法人员依法执行公务的,由公安机关依法予以处罚;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

  第二十八条 各县(市)制止违法建设、拆除违法建筑工作可参照本规定执行。

  第二十九条 本规定自公布之日起施行。




国务院关于口岸开放的若干规定(附英文)

国务院


国务院关于口岸开放的若干规定(附英文)

1985年9月18日,国务院

规定
随着我国对外贸易、国际交往和旅游事业的发展,将进一步开放新的口岸。为加强口岸开放的审批工作,特制定本规定。
一、本规定所指口岸是供人员、货物和交通工具出入国境的港口、机场、车站、通道等。口岸分为一类口岸和二类口岸。一类口岸是指由国务院批准开放的口岸(包括中央管理的口岸和由省、自治区、直辖市管理的部分口岸);二类口岸是指由省级人民政府批准开放并管理的口岸。
二、口岸的开放和关闭,由国务院或省级人民政府审批后公布执行。
三、凡开放口岸,应根据需要设立边防检查、海关、港务监督、卫生检疫、动植物检疫、商品检验等检查检验机构,以及国家规定的其他口岸机构。
四、两类口岸的具体划分:
(一)以下为一类口岸:
1、对外国籍船舶、飞机、车辆等交通工具开放的海、陆、空客货口岸;
2、只允许我国籍船舶、飞机、车辆出入国境的海、陆、空客货口岸;
3、允许外国籍船舶进出我国领海内的海面交货点。
(二)以下为二类口岸:
1、依靠其他口岸派人前往办理出入境检查检验手续的国轮外贸运输装卸点、起运点、交货点;
2、同毗邻国家地方政府之间进行边境小额贸易和人员往来的口岸;
3、只限边境居民通行的出入境口岸。
五、报批程序:
(一)一类口岸:由有关部(局)或港口、码头、车站、机场和通道所在地的省级人民政府会商大军区后,报请国务院批准,同时抄送国务院口岸领导小组、总参谋部和有关主管部门。
(二)二类口岸:由口岸所在地的人民政府征得当地大军区和海军的同意,并会商口岸检查检验等有关单位后,报请省级人民政府批准。批文同时送国务院口岸领导小组和有关主管部门备案。
六、报批开放口岸应附具下列资料:
(一)对口岸开放进行的可行性研究报告,以及口岸的基本条件、近三年客货运量、经济效益和发展前景的资料。
(二)根据客货运输任务提出的有关检查检验单位、口岸办公室、中国银行等机构设置和人员编制方案。
(三)检查检验场地和办公、生活设施等规划,以及投资预算和资金来源。
七、对外开放前的验收:
(一)新开放的口岸,在开放前必须对其交通安全设施、通信设施、联检场地、检查检验等单位的机构设置和人员配备,以及办公、生活设施等进行验收。验收合格后,才能宣布开放。
(二)一类口岸,由国务院口岸领导小组办公室负责组织验收;二类口岸,由所在省、自治区、直辖市口岸办公室或其他主管口岸工作的部门负责组织验收。
八、临时进出我国非开放区域的审批权限:
(一)临时从我国非开放的港口或沿海水域进出的中、外国籍船舶,由交通部审批,并报国务院口岸领导小组备案。报批前应征得军事主管部门和当地人民政府以及有关检查检验单位的同意,并安排好检查检验工作。
(二)临时从我国非开放机场起降的中、外国籍民用飞机,由中国民用航空局征得军事主管部门同意后审批,非民用飞机由军事主管部门审批,并报国务院口岸领导小组备案。报批前应征得当地人民政府和有关检查检验部门的同意,并安排好检查检验工作。
(三)临时从我国非开放的陆地边界区域进出境的中、外国籍车辆和人员,由省级人民政府审批。报批前应征得当地省军区和公安部门的同意,并安排好检查检验工作。
九、口岸开放应有计划地进行,按隶属关系分别列入国家或地方口岸开放计划。国务院有关部门和省、自治区、直辖市应将口岸开放计划(草案),于计划年度前两个月报国务院口岸领导小组,并抄报国家计委、劳动人事部和检查检验单位的有关主管部门。
十、开放口岸检查检验设施建设资金来源:
(一)中央管理的口岸,由中央负责解决;地方管理的口岸,由地方负责解决。
(二)国家新建开放的港口、码头、车站和机场(含军用改为军民合用的机场)等口岸建设项目(包括利用外资和中外合资项目),以及老口岸新建作业区和经济开发区的新港区等项目,所需联检场地应与港口、码头、车站、机场等主体工程统一规划。所需投资包括在主体工程之内。
检查检验单位办公、生活土建设施(包括宿舍)的投资,由口岸建设项目的主管部门组织有关单位研究,统一汇总报国家计委审批。批准后,投资划拨给口岸所在地的省、自治区、直辖市,由地方统一规划,统一设计施工。军用改建为军民合用机场的口岸项目,应事先征得空军或海军同意,如在机场内建设,建设单位可提出要求,由空军或海军统一规划。
(三)各部(局)直属的原有港口、码头、车站和机场需要对外开放时,所需联检场地,原则上要利用原有建筑设施。如确需扩建、新建,应由港口、码头、车站和机场的主管部门投资建设。检查检验单位的办公、生活土建设施(包括宿舍)的投资,原则上由各自主管部门解决。对确有困难的,国家或地方给予适当补助,由地方统一建设,投资交地方包干使用。
(四)地方新开口岸,所需联检场地和检查检验单位的办公、生活土建设施(包括宿舍),由地方统一投资,统一建设。
(五)国际海员俱乐部的建设规划和投资来源,比照(二)、(三)、(四)项规定解决。
(六)检查检验单位所需的交通工具、仪器设备等,由各自主管部门解决。
(七)联检场地内,划给检查检验单位的办公和业务用房(包括水、电、市内电话),应由港口、码头、车站和机场(包括军民合用的机场)的经营单位免费提供。
十一、本规定由国务院口岸领导小组办公室负责解释。
十二、本规定自发布之日起施行。

PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE OPENING OF PORTS

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON THE OPENING OF PORTS
(Promulgated on September 18, 1985)
With the development of our foreign trade, international exchanges and
tourisms, more ports will be opened. These Provisions are formulated in
order to strengthen the work in the examination and approval for opening
ports to foreign countries.
1. The term "ports" referred to in these Provisions denotes the harbours,
airports, stations, thoroughfares, etc., which are used for personnel,
goods or means of transport to enter or leave the country. The ports in
our country are divided into two categories. Category-1 ports refer to
those ports which have been opened upon the approval of the State Council
(including those administered by the Central Government and some of the
ports administered by the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government); category-2 ports refer to those
ports which have been opened upon approval by the people's governments at
the provincial level and are administered by them.
2. The opening and closing of ports shall be announced and executed after
the examination and approval by the State Council or the people's
governments at the provincial level.
3. Organs in charge of frontier inspection, Customs, harbour
superintendency, quarantine, quarantine for animals and plants, commodity
inspection, etc., as well as other port organs stipulated by State shall
be set up at the open ports according to the actual needs.
4. Criteria for the division of the two categories of ports:
(1) The following are category-1 ports:
A. ports open to vessels, planes, vehicles and other means of transport of
foreign nationality used to transport passengers and goods into or out of
China through sea, land or air;
B. ports for use only by Chinese vessels, planes and vehicles transporting
passengers and goods out of or into the country through sea, land or air;
C. spots on the sea within our territorial waters where vessels of foreign
nationality are allowed to enter or leave for the purpose of delivering
goods.
(2) The following are category-2 ports:
A. spots for loading and unloading, starting shipment and delivering goods
for Chinese vessels engaged in foreign trade where the formalities for
exit and entry inspection and examination are conducted by personnel sent
from other ports;
B. ports where border trade in small amounts and contacts between people
are carried out with local governments of neighbouring countries;
C. ports restricted to the exit or entry of the local residents in the
border areas.
5. The procedures for report and approval:
(1) Category-1 ports: the relevant ministries (or bureaus) or the people's
governments of the provinces where the harbours, wharves, stations,
airports and thoroughfares in question are situated shall, after
consultation with the military area commands, submit the application to
the State Council for approval, with copies of the application sent to the
Leading Group for Port Affairs of the State Council, the Headquarters of
the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army and the relevant
competent departments.
(2) Category-2 ports: The people's governments of the regions where the
ports in question are situated shall first obtain the agreement of the
military area commands concerned and the Navy, and hold consultations with
the units in charge of port inspection and examination. Applications shall
then be submitted to the people's governments at the provisional level for
approval, with copies of which sent to the Leading Group for Port Affairs
under the State Council and the relevant competent departments for the
record.
6. The following materials should be attached to application for opening a
port:
(1) A feasibility report, the materials concerning the basic conditions of
the ports, the volume of passenger transport and freight volume in the
last three years, and the potential economic results and the prospects for
development.
(2) The plan for the establishment of such port organs as offices in
charge of inspection and examination, offices for port affairs and
branches of the Bank of China, according to the task for transporting
passengers and goods.
(3) Plans for constructing inspection and examination grounds and for
building facilities for office work and the daily life of the staff
members, as well as investment budget and source of funds.
7. Final check-up and acceptance before a port is opened:
(1) Before a new port is opened, the establishment of organs and the
provisions of staff members of offices in charge of traffic safety, for
telecommunications, combined inspection and examination as well as
facilities for office work and daily life must go through the procedure of
final check-up and acceptance. New ports may be opened only after the
facilities are finally checked and accepted.
(2) The office of the Leading Group for Port Affairs of the State Council
shall be responsible for the check-up and acceptance of category-1 ports.
The offices for port affairs in the provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government or other competent
departments in charge of port affairs shall be responsible for the check-
up and acceptance of category-2 ports.
8. The competence for examination and approval of applications for
temporarily entry and exit at the non-open areas of our country:
(1) Applications by vessels of Chinese or foreign nationality for
temporarily entry or exit at non-open harbours or coastal waters of China
shall be examined and approved by the Ministry of Communications and
reported to the Leading Group for Port Affairs of the State Council for
the record. Before the applications are submitted for approval, the
agreement of the competent authorities for military affairs, the local
people's governments and the relevant units in charge of examination and
inspection shall be obtained, and the details of the examination and
inspection work shall be arranged.
(2) Applications by civil planes of Chinese or foreign nationality for
temporarily take-offs or landings at China's non-open airports shall be
examined and approved by the Civil Aviation Administration of China,
which, however, should obtain the agreement of the competent authorities
for military affairs. Applications by non-civil planes shall be examined
and approved by the competent authorities for military affairs. Both kinds
of applications must be reported to the Leading Group for Port Affairs of
the State Council for the record. Before the applications are submitted
for approval, the agreement of the local people's governments and the
relevant departments for examination and inspection should be obtained,
and the details of the examination and inspection work shall be arranged.
(3) Applications by vehicle and personnel of Chinese or foreign
nationality for temporarily entry and exit at our non-open border areas on
land shall be examined and approved by the people's governments at the
provincial level. Before the applications are submitted for approval, the
agreement of the relevant provincial military area command and the
department of public security shall be obtained, and the details of the
examination and inspection work shall be arranged.
9. New ports shall be opened according to the relevant State or local
plans. The competent departments under the State Council, and the
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the
Central Government, shall send plans (drafts) of opening ports to the
Leading Group for Port Affairs of the State Council two months before a
planned year begins, with copies sent to the State Planning Commission,
the Ministry of Labour and Personnel and the relevant competent
departments of the units in charge of inspection and examination.
10. The sources of funds for building facilities for inspection and
examination at the open ports:
(1) The Central Government shall be responsible for providing the funds
for the ports under its administration. The local people's governments
shall be responsible for providing funds for the ports under their
administration.
(2) Where grounds for combined inspection and examinations are needed in
such port construction projects (including projects with foreign
investment and Chinese and foreign equity joint-venture projects) as
harbours, wharves, railway stations and airports (including those which
have been transformed from military airports used for both military and
civilian purposes) as well as in such projects as newly-built operation
areas at old ports and new harbour areas in economic development zones,
the construction of these grounds shall be incorporated into the plans of
the main projects of the prescribed harbours, wharves, railway stations
and airports. The investment needed for the construction of these grounds
shall be incorporated in the investment for the main projects. The
competent departments for port construction projects shall organize the
relevant units to carry out research on the investment structure for the
construction of the facilities for office work and for the daily life of
the staff members (including dormitories) of the units in charge of
inspection and examination and present itemized reports to the State
Planning Commission for examination and approval. After the approval is
obtained, the investment shall be transferred to the provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government where the
ports are situated. The local people's governments shall be responsible
for the unified planning, designing and construction of the ports. Where
military airports are to be transformed into airports for both military
and civilian purposes, agreement should be obtained from the Air Force or
the Navy beforehand. In the case that the construction is to be carried
out within the airports, the units responsible for the construction may
submit draft plans, which shall be incorporated in the unified plans of
the Air Force or the Navy.
(3) Where the existing harbours, wharves, railway stations and airports
directly under the administration of various ministries (or bureaus) need
to be opened, the grounds for combined inspection and examination for
these ports shall, in principle, be set up by making use of the existing
buildings and facilities. If it is necessary to extend the original
buildings or build new grounds for combined inspection and examination,
the competent departments for the harbours, wharves, railway stations and
airports shall be responsible for the investment. The investment for the
construction of the facilities for office work and the daily life of the
staff members (including dormitories) of the units in charge of inspection
and examination shall, in principle, be provided by their respective
competent departments. In the extreme cases of difficulty with respect to
investment, the State or the local governments may provide appropriate
subsidies. The investment shall be turned over to the relevant people's
governments, which are held responsible for the completion of the
construction.
(4) The local people's governments shall be responsible for the investment
and construction of the grounds for combined inspection and examination
and the infrastructure facilities for office work and the daily life of
the staff members (including dormitories) of the units in charge of
inspection and examination, which are needed in their newly-opened ports.
(5) The construction plans and sources of investment for international
seamen's clubs shall be provided in accordance with the provisions of
Paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) of this Article.
(6) The means of transport, instruments, equipment, etc., needed by the
units in charge of inspection and examination shall be provided by their
respective competent departments.
(7) Within grounds for combined inspection and examination, the rooms for
office work and other related purposes (including water, electricity and
inner-city telephone) which have been assigned to the units in charge of
inspection and examination shall be provided free of charge by the
business units of the harbours, wharves, railway stations and airports
(including those used for both military and civilian purposes).
11. These Provisions shall be interpreted by the office of the Leading
Group for Port Affairs of the State Council.


关于对精神损害赔偿的司法解释做出的几点理解



肖斐


  ㈠ 精神损害赔偿的构成要件

  

   精神损害又称无形损害,是指行为人侵害公民的姓名权,肖像权,名誉权,荣誉权,等使公民产生恐惧,悲伤,怨恨,绝望,羞辱等精神痛苦,以及使公民神经受到损伤等。国内学者外对精神损害的概念又有不同的理解:一种认为,精神损害是基于心理作用致使他人痛苦不安及发生精神状况的异常;另一种则认为,精神损害是基于一定行为致使他人尊严,威信降低;还有一种观点以《牛津法律大词典》为代表,它给精神损害定义为“不仅仅是一种惊吓,而且是一种可辨认的身体或精神上的损害,它不是由于身体撞击而引起的,而是所见,所闻或它经历通过大脑而产生。”精神损害具有无形性,不能用金钱加以衡量。

  

  从世界范围来看,各国民法保护人身权主要方法,是赋予受害人排除妨害和侵害人承担非财产性责任方式的请求权。但事实上,受害人为排除妨害要开支必要费用。侵害人只承担非财产性的责任方式。在大多数下就显得苍白无力,难以达到制裁违法,填补损害,抚慰受害人之目的。因此,我国民法上规定了精神损害赔偿这一项新的民事法律制度。2001年2月26日,最高人民法又做出了《关于确定民侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》(以下称《解释》)在立法上对精神损害赔偿的适用条件,范围,规则又做出了更详尽的规定,使之有法可依。精神损害赔偿出现在近代资本主义社会,其完备的制度形态以《德国民法典》的颁布为标志时至今日,世界各国民法典都规定此项制度。

  

   ㈡ 精神损害赔偿的适用范围

  

   ① 主体适用范围。

  主体范围指因精神损害赔偿而有权提出诉讼请求的公民和组织。直接受害人有权提出精神损害赔偿之诉,没有争议。对于间接受害人,法人或其它组织是否能提出精神损害,《解释》有了进一步的规定:如第7条,“自然人因侵权行为致死或自然人死亡后其人格或遗体受损害。死者的配偶,父母和子女向人民法院起诉精神损害赔偿,列配偶,父母和子女为原告。”说明了,间接受害人也可作为要求精神损害赔偿的主体。因为死者的近亲属缘于不法侵害者的不法行为,对其身心造成巨大痛苦,精神上的损害是显而易见的。如果只能由直接受害人提出诉讼,显然对间接受害人不公平。对于法人和其它组织,《解释》中的第5条规定:“法人或其它组织以人格权遭受侵害为由,向人民法院起诉精神损害赔偿的,人民法院不予受理。”因为人格权是以人身为内容为直接目的的民事权利。法人并无思想和精神可言,其商业信誉受损,法人无精神上的痛苦和损伤。而只能导致其销售额下降,利润减少。对于法人这一损失只能依照民法上关于物质损害赔偿的方法进行处理,故法人无权提出精神损害赔偿。

   ② 客体适用范围

   依照《解释》的规定,精神损害赔偿的范围限于:“⒈公民的生命权,健康权,身体权;2.姓名权,肖像权,名誉权,荣誉权;3.人格尊严,人身自由权。还有,违反社会公共利益,社会公德,侵害他人隐私或其人格利益,受害人以侵权为由向人民法院起诉请求赔偿精神损害的,人民法院应当受理。这些权利结合在一起,保护了人作为生物有机体所固有自然属性上的人格利益。从而使权利主体自身生存,活动和发展所需的各种条件、基础和社会评价得到满足和实现。这次《解释》将精神损害赔偿的客体做出了扩大,其中生命健康权,隐私权等第一次以条文的形式确定下来,是符合有损害就有赔偿这一基本精神的。

  

  ㈢ 关于精神损害赔偿的标准

  

   在我国司法实践中,精神损害赔偿的标准没有一个确定统一的标准。因此,存在赔偿数额过低,差额悬殊的情况。这次的《司法解释》也只是规定了根据一些因素对精神损害赔偿的标准加以了规定,没有规定具体的赔偿幅度。笔者认为,应该以立法的形式规定一定的赔偿幅度,以避免相同或类似的案件在同一法院或不同法院做出赔偿数额悬殊的判决。

   另外需要指出的,给公民或法人造成精神损害后侵权人所应承但的民事责任,首先应是停止侵害,消除影响,恢复名誉,赔礼道歉等非财产性责任,在适用以上方式不足以缓和或解除受害人精神上的痛苦时,才可考虑物质赔偿。